Cesare Lombroso: il padre della moderna criminologia
Marco Ezechia Lombroso, detto Cesare, nasce terzo di sei figli a Verona il 6 novembre 1835 da una famiglia di commercianti israeliti. Considerato il padre della moderna criminologia, alcune delle sue teorie furono strumentalizzate nel corso degli anni nel campo dell’eugenetica e da alcune forme di “razzismo scientifico”.
La storia di Cesare Lombroso ha inizio nel 1852, quando decide di iscriversi alla Facoltà di Medicina di Pavia. In questi anni di studio, si appassiona sempre di più all’anatomia umana e nel 1856 pubblica un primo saggio “di carattere” dal titolo Influenza della civiltà su la pazzia e della pazzia su la civiltà. Si laurea a Pavia nel 1858 con una tesi sul cretinismo, studiando diversi casi di deficienza nello sviluppo mentale e fisico in Lombardia.
Nel 1859 si arruola come medico militare tra i volontari in Piemonte, partecipando alla seconda guerra d’indipendenza italiana contro l’Austria. Da questo momento in poi, Lombroso comincia a raccogliere molti dei crani umani esposti oggi al Museo di Antropologia Criminale “Cesare Lombroso”.
La collezione privata dello studioso cresce negli anni, talvolta illegalmente: l’antropologo non disdegnò infatti, com’è noto, il trafugamento di vecchi sepolcri abbandonati dell’area torinese e pavese. Pochi anni dopo, partecipa alla lotta civile contro il brigantaggio, continuando a studiare forme di cretinismo e la diffusione della pellagra, una malattia molto comune al tempo e causata dalla carenza o dal mancato assorbimento di vitamine del gruppo B.
Negli anni ’70 si dedica agli studi antropologici e diventa direttore del manicomio di Pesaro: qui trova a sua completa disposizione un grande campionario storico-umano e numerosi casi clinici interessanti a supporto della sua tesi più famosa.
La teoria dell’atavismo criminale
Nel 1870 Cesare Lombroso elabora la teoria dell’atavismo criminale, affermando con sicurezza e convinzione che determinati tratti somatici di un individuo rivelano specifici caratteri e comportamenti criminali connaturati e ineludibili. Secondo l’antropologo, alcune caratteristiche fisiche e spesso ereditarie – come l’avere un mento pronunciato, sopracciglia folte, barba rada, viso pallido – e addirittura patologiche, come l’epilessia, possono rivelare il “criminale per nascita”. Fortemente influenzato dalla fisiognomica – una disciplina pseudoscientifica che pretendeva di dedurre dai lineamenti e dalle espressioni del volto particolari tratti psicologici e morali – e dalla frenologia, dottrina secondo la quale singole funzioni psichiche dipenderebbero da certe regioni del cervello, Lombroso studia il caso più significativo per l’elaborazione della teoria dell’atavismo criminale: quello di Giuseppe Villella. In seguito al decesso di questo brigante ultrasettantenne datosi alla macchia in Piemonte, l’autopsia condotta sul corpo rivela un’anomalia sviluppatasi in età fetale alla base del cranio – nota oggi come verme cerebellare – che consiste nella fusione ossea tra le parti corrispondenti ad occipite e atlante. Lombroso interpreta tale anomalia come una sorta di ritorno ad una condizione primitiva da correlare alla predisposizione per nascita a compiere crimini. Letteralmente ossessionato dal cranio di Villella, decide di tenerlo per anni in bella mostra sulla scrivania a mo’ di fermacarte.
Delinquenza femminile
Lombroso non esclude dalla teoria atavista il genere femminile, pur sostenendo pubblicamente a livello politico e sociale la parità di genere. L’inferiorità femminile era un must dell’epoca, in linea con quel che l’antropologo afferma: la donna “non sarebbe criminale nella misura in cui lo è il genere maschile, ma non per maggiore moralità o buon senso; […] bensì in quanto incapace di essere criminale per mancanza di coraggio e di vigore fisico, nonché di intelligenza». La supposta mancanza di intelligenza eleva tutte le donne al grado di delinquenti, potenziali criminali. Il medico aggiunge poi che se il crimine più diffuso tra gli uomini è il furto, tra le donne è senz’altro la prostituzione; studia dunque caratteri, costituzioni corporee e cadaveri di di prostitute visitate in carcere.
Gli ultimi anni di vita
Negli ultimi anni di vita il rinomato antropologo si appassiona al mondo del soprannaturale e dello spiritismo, decidendo di investigare sui presunti “poteri” della medium Eusapia Palladino. Proprio nell’ultima pubblicazione dal titolo Ricerche sui fenomeni ipnotici e spiritici (1909), asserisce la genuinità della Palladio e afferma di credere negli spiriti. Dopo la morte del padre provocata dall’angina pectoris, una delle figlie di Lombroso – Gina Ferrero – rivela che negli ultimi anni di vita il padre era affetto da arteriosclerosi e che la sua salute mentale era fortemente minata. Proprio per questo, probabilmente, l’ateo e scettico Cesare Lombroso fu raggirato facilmente dalla Palladino. Lo studioso muore a Torino il 19 ottobre 1909.
Un corpo donato alla scienza
Lombroso decise di donare per via testamentaria il proprio corpo alla scienza: lo scheletro è custodito presso il Museo di Antropologia Criminale “Cesare Lombroso” di Torino insieme ad oltre 4000 pezzi della collezione privata del medico-antropologo.
Oggi, nessuno studioso ha dubbi sull’inconsistenza scientifica delle teorie lambrosiane. Tuttavia, a questo grande uomo spetta senz’altro il merito di aver avviato i primi studi in criminologia attraverso un approccio empirico-sistematico. Ispirò Freud e Jung nell’elaborazione di alcune teorie sulla psicoanalisi applicata alla società e – tristemente per quel che la storia riporta agli atti – alcune forme di razzismo scientifico in seno all’eugenetica novecentesca.
A distanza di più di 100 anni dalla sua scomparsa, Lombroso fa parlare ancora di sé: tante le polemiche dopo l’apertura del Museo nel 2009, numerose le richieste di restituzione delle spoglie e di risarcimento danni da parte di alcuni Comuni italiani che hanno riconosciuto tra i “pezzi da collezione” propri concittadini. Per ora il Museo, con le tutte le storie in esso contenute, resta un fiore all’occhiello torinese.
Se ti è venuta voglia di visitare il Museo, clicca qui e troverai tutte le info utili. Ogni mercoledì la visita è gratuita, che aspetti? 😉
Se ti è piaciuto l’articolo, condividilo con i tuoi amici e continua a seguirci su Facebook e Instagram! 😉 E mi raccomando, non perderti i nostri prossimi articoli!
105 commenti
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inchiostronoir
Molto interessante, grazie!
Chiara Maraviglia
Sono contenta che tu lo abbia trovato interessante, a me ha colpito tantissimo come figura e scrivere questo articolo è stato un piacere! 🙂
LeggendeUrbane
Genio!
Chiara Maraviglia
Concordo, ha avuto una vita davvero interessante e piena zeppa di controversie..e ha lasciato IL segno!
LeggendeUrbane
Ho studiato anche io varie volte e con interesse, la figura di Lombroso e ogni tanto torno a riguardare le sue teorie. Continuo a ritenerle eccellenti e a dargli ampio credito, ma purtoppo rimangono ancorate ai tratti della pseudoscienza. Io stesso pur credendoci abbastanza, non riesco a trovare nulla che dimostri quanto afferma.
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